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¼½¼Ç |
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¼±±³ÇÐÀÚ·á > |
µî·ÏÀÏ |
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2012-07-03 |
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ÀÛ¼ºÀÚ |
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¹Ú½Â³² (snpark) |
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¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀúÃàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÌÀ¯? (Why don¡¯t Africans save money for future?) |
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°º´±Ç ¼±±³»ç (AIM Korea Director) |
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°ú°Å, ÇöÀç, ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ °³³ä(The concept of past, present, and future)
ÇÊÀÚ´Â Áö³ ÁÖ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °®°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì·¡ ½Ã°£ °³³äÀ» ¼Ò°³Çß´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î ¹Ì·¡´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ½Ã°£À¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ ÇöÀç·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾à2³â±îÁöÀÇ ÂªÀº ±â°£¸¸À» »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. Mbiti´Â ¿µ¾îÀÇ °ú°Å, ÇöÀç, ¹Ì·¡¿Í È¥µ¿À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ ½º¿ÍÈú¸®¾îÀÇ ½Î½Î(Sasa)¿Í ÀÚ¸¶´Ï(Zamani)¸¦ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù.
Sasa´Â Á÷Á¢¼º, ±ÙÁ¢¼º, ÇöÀ缺 °¨°¢À» °¡Áö¸ç, »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ °ü½É°ú ¿¬°üÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì·¡´Â ¸Å¿ì ªÀº ½Ã°£Àε¥, ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¾î¶² Àå·¡ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â »ç°ÇÀº Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ̾î¾ß ÇÏ°í, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °ÅÀÇ °æÇèÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¸¸Å È®½ÇÇØ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ±× »ç°ÇÀÌ ¸Ö¸® ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó¸é ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼öµµ, ¸»ÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Â ÀÏÀÌ µÇ°í ¸¸´Ù. ±×ó·³ ¸Õ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ½Ã°£À» Æ÷°ýÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ½ÃÁ¦°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÎµé »ý°¢ ¼Ó¿¡´Â Sasa°¡ ¼±¸ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¹Ì·¡ °³³äÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Sasa Â÷¿ø¿¡¼ ÀϾ´Â »ç°ÇµéÀº °ð ÀϾ°Ô µÇ°Å³ª ¾Æ´Ï¸é ½ÇÇöµÇ´Â Áß¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. Sasa´Â ¹Ù·Î ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¹Ì·¡·Î ¿¬°áµÇ´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ °æÇèÀû ¿¬Àå¼±¿¡¼ º¸¸é µÈ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÇùÀÇÀÇ ½Ã°£(micro-time) À̶ó ºÎ¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÎµé ¿¡°Ô ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ±× »ç°Ç¿¡ Á÷Á¢ Âü¿©ÇϵçÁö ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±×°ÍÀ» °æÇèÇÔÀ¸·Î Àǹ̸¦ °®°Ô µÇ´Â ½Ã°£À̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª Zamani´Â ¿µ¾îÀÇ °ú°Å¿¡ ±¹ÇѵÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â À̸¦ ±¤ÀÇÀÇ ½Ã°£(macro-time)À̶ó ºÎ¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Zamani´Â Sasa¿Í ¼·Î °ãÄ¡´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç µÑÀº ºÐ¸®µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Zamani´Â ¾Æ¹«µµ °¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ú°ÅÀÇ ±â°£ÀÌ´Ù. Zamani´Â ½Ã°£ÀÇ ¹«´ýÀ̸ç Á¾ÂøÁ¡ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸ðµç Çü»óµé°ú »ç°ÇÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· â°í´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ½Ã°£ÀÇ ±¤È°ÇÑ ´ë¾ç(ocean)Àε¥ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ±× ¾È¿¡¼ ½Çü·Î Èí¼öµÇ´Â ½Ã°£ÀÌ´Ù. Sasa´Â °³°³Àΰú ±×µéÀÇ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ »óȲÀ» ¹´Â´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â ±â°£ÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, Zamani´Â ½ÅºñÀÇ ±â°£ÀÌ¿ä, Sasa±â°£À» ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ±Ù¿ø°ú ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ±â¹ÝÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
¿ª»ç¿Í ¼±»çÀÇ °³³ä (The concept of history and pre-history)
¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾Á·¸¶´Ù °íÀ¯ÇÑ ¿ª»ç¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ª»ç´Â Sasa¿¡¼ Zamani·Î ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ¸ç ¿ªÇàÇÑ´Ù. ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÎ »ç°í ¼Ó¿¡´Â ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¾¸»À» ÇâÇؼ °¡´Â ¿ª»çÀÇ °³³äÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¿ª»ç °³³ä¿¡´Â ¸Þ½Ã¾ßÀû Èñ¸Á (the Messianic hope) ȤÀº ¼¼°èÀÇ Á¾¸»ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀº Áøº¸ ȤÀº °³¹ßÀ̶õ °³³äÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ±×µéÀº °¡±î¿î Àå·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °èȹÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº Zamani½Ã°£¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃߴµ¥, ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¹Ì·¡ ¼¼°è¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ª»ç¿Í ¼±»ç´Â ½ÅÈ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¹è ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡´Â âÁ¶, ù Àηù, ºÎÁ·°ú ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ½ÅȵéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº Zamani¸¦ ÇâÇÏ°í Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â Sasa¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â ±Ù°ÅµéÀÌ °Å±â¿¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿ª»ç¿Í ¼±»ç´Â ´ë´ë·Î ÀüÇس»·Á ¿À´Â ÇÔÃàµÈ ±¸Àü(oral tradition) ¼Ó¿¡ »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ³»ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±¸Àü¿ª»ç´Â ±â¾ïµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ³¯Â¥°¡ ¾ø´Ù. »ç¶÷Àº ±×°¡ Áö±Ý±îÁö Áö³» ¿Â °ÍÀ» µ¹¾Æº»´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ Á¾¸»ÀÇ ¼¼°è·Î µ¥·Á°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Â È®½ÇÇÑ Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ª»ç °³³ä¿¡ µû¶ó ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀεéÀºZamani¿¡ °üÇÑ ¼ö¸¹Àº ½ÅȵéÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¾¸»¿¡ °üÇؼ´Â ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ °®°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ °è¼ÓµÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏ·ç, ÇÑ´Þ, ±×¸®°í °èÀýÀÌ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ °è¼Ó µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡µµ Ãâ»ý, °áÈ¥, ÀÚ³à Ãâ»ê, Á×À½ÀÌ Àΰ£»ç¿¡¼ ¹Ýº¹µÇµíÀÌ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.
ÇÊÀÚ°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§, Á¾Á¾ ¡°¿Ö ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Àå·¡¸¦ À§ÇØ, ¿¹·Î ÀÚ³à ±³À°ºñ¸¦ À§ÇØ ¹Ì¸® ÀúÃàÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ»±î?¡± ÀÚ¹®ÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. µ¿·á ¼±±³»çµé °£¿¡ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ÃßÃø°ú ¼³¸íÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ±× ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. MbitiÀÇ ±ÛÀ» ÅëÇØ ¿Ö ±×µéÀÌ Àå·¡¸¦ À§Çؼ ÀúÃàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´ÂÁö ºÐ¸íÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ½Ã°£ °³³ä¿¡¼ ´Ù·ç¾î¾ß ÇÒ Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ³²¾Æ Àֱ⿡ ÇÑ ¹ø ´õ ½Ã°£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̾߱⸦ ÇÏ°Ú´Ù.
The concept of past, present, and future
Last week I finished with the concept of future in African people. To Africans the future does not exist as an actual time, apart from the short projection of the present up to two years. In order to avoid the confusion of English words past, present and future, Mbiti suggests two Swahili words, ¡®Sasa¡¯ and ¡®Zamani¡¯.
Sasa has the sense of immediacy, nearness, and ¡®now-ness¡¯ and is the immediate concern for the people. Future is extremely brief, because any meaningful event in the future must be so immediate and certain that people have almost experienced it. If the event is remote, then it cannot be conceived and spoken of. There is no tense to cover that distant future dimension of time. Therefore in African thought the Sasa swallows the concept of future time Westerns think of. Events in the Sasa dimension must be either about to occur, or in the process of realization. Sasa is an experiential extension of the now-moment stretched into the short future. We could call it the micro-time which is meaningful to Africans only through their participation in it or experiencing it.
Zamani is not limited to the past in English. We could call it macro-time. Zamani overlaps with Sasa and the two are not separable. Zamani becomes the period beyond which nothing can go. Zamani is the graveyard of time and the period of termination. It is the final storehouse for all phenomena and events. It is the ocean of time in which everything becomes absorbed into a reality. Sasa binds individuals and their immediate environment together. It is the period of conscious living. On the other hand, Zamani is the period of the myth, giving a sense of foundation or security to the Sasa period.
The concept of history and pre-history
Each African people has its own history. This history moves ¡®backward¡¯ from the Sasa period to the Zamani. In traditional African thought, there is no concept of history moving towards an end of the world. The messianic hope or a final destruction of the world is not in their concept of history. African people don¡¯t have the concepts of progress and development. They don¡¯t plan for the distant future. They set their eyes on Zamani period, since there is no world to come.
Both history and prehistory are dominated by the myth. There are uncountable myths in Africa explaining things like the creation, the first man, the origin of the tribe and the country and so on. People look towards the Zamani, for Zamani had foundations by which the Sasa should be understood. Such history and prehistory is telescoped into a very compact oral tradition which is handed down from generation to generation. Oral history has no dates to be remembered. Man looks back from whence he came and is certain that nothing will bring this world to a conclusion. According to this view of history Africans have innumerable myths about Zamani, but nothing about end of the world. African peoples expect human history to continue forever: days, months, seasons and years have no end just as there is no end to the rhythm of birth, marriage, procreation and death.
When I was in Africa, I frequently asked to myself, ¡°Why don¡¯t these people save their salaries for future their needs such as children¡¯s school fees?¡± There were some explanations about it among missionaries. But Mbiti helped me to understand the main reason why they didn¡¯t save money for future. Traditionally African people don¡¯t have the concept of far future, but only Sasa which includes a near future.
I am going to talk about time again next week, because there are a few more important concepts for time.
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