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¼½¼Ç ¼±±³ÇÐÀÚ·á > µî·ÏÀÏ 2012-06-14
ÀÛ¼ºÀÚ ¹Ú½Â³² (snpark)
¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³, ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÌ°í Â÷¿ø ³·Àº Á¾±³°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡? (African religions are primitive and underdeveloped, aren¡¯t they?)
°­º´±Ç ¼±±³»ç (AIM Korea Director)
ÃÖ±Ù Çѱ¹µµ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ±× ¶¥ÀÇ Ç³ºÎÇÑ Ãµ¿¬ÀÚ¿øÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº °í¹«ÀûÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Á¾±³¿Í öÇп¡ ´ëÇؼ± ¾î¶²°¡? ¼­¾ç¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Á¾±³³ª öÇÐÀ» Çй®Àû ºÐ¾ß·Î½á ¿¬±¸Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾î¸²Àâ¾Æ 20¼¼±â Á߹ݺÎÅÍÀÌ´Ù. ÃÊâ±â Çй®À¸·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³¿Í öÇÐÀ» º¸¾Ò´ø À̵éÀ» º¸¸é¼­ Áö±Ýµµ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×µéó·³ º¸°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀºÁö Á¡°ËÇßÀ¸¸é ÁÁ°Ú´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ Çй®Àû ¿¬±¸´Â ºÎÀûÀýÇÏ°íµµ ¼±ÀÔ°üÀÌ º£¿©ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Ö´Ï¹ÌÁò, ¿ø½Ã ¾Ö´Ï¹ÌÁò, ¿ø½ÃÁ¾±³, Á¶»ó¼þ¹è, ¸¶¼ú °°Àº ¿ë¾î¸¦ ºÙ¿´´Ù.

¶óƾ¾î ¡®¾Ö´Ï¸¶(anima)¡¯¿¡¼­ ÆÄ»ýµÈ ¡®¾Ö´Ï¹ÌÁò(animism)¡¯Àº ¡®¼û¡¯ ¶Ç´Â ¡®»ý¸íÀÇ È£Èí¡¯À̶õ ¶æÀ¸·Î E. B. Tylor°¡ 1866³â ÃÖÃÊ·Î »ç¿ëÇߴµ¥ ¡®È¥¡¯°ú ¡®¿µ¡¯ÀÇ ¶æÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÏ±æ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¡®¿ø½Ã Á¾Á·¡¯µéÀº È¥ÀÌ À°Ã¼¸¦ ¶°³ª ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À̳ª, µ¿¹° ¶Ç´Â ¹°Áú·Î µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¶ÇÇÑ »çÈÄ¿¡µµ °è¼Ó »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. Å×ÀÏ·¯´Â ±× ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ðµç ¹°Ã¼°¡ °¢±â °íÀ¯ÇÑ ¿µÀ» °®°í Àֱ⿡ ¿ìÁÖ¿¡´Â ¼ö¾øÀÌ ¸¹Àº ¿µµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. µ¿·ùÀÇ ¿µµéÀº °¢±â ÀÚ¿¬¼¼°èÀÇ ÁÖ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á³´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î °­ÀÇ ½ÅÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ½ÅÀÌ ÀÖ°í, ³ª¹«¿Í ¹ÙÀ§µµ ¿ª½Ã °¢±â ÁÖ°üÇÏ´Â ½ÅÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »ç»óÀº °á±¹ ´Ù½Å·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¸ç ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ½ÅµéÀ» ÁÖ°üÇÏ´Â ¡®ÃÖ°í½Å¡¯ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í º»´Ù. ÀÌ °°Àº °ßÇØ°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³µéÀ» ¼­¼ú ÇÒ ¶§ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú°í, ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁöµµ ¿©·¯ ±â·Ï¿¡¼­ ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̵鿡 µû¸£¸é ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³´Â Á¾±³ÁøÈ­·Ð Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¹Ù´Ú¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ°í À¯´ë±³, ±âµ¶±³, À̽½¶÷Àº »óºÎ·Î ¿Ã·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ÈÄÀÚÀÇ Á¾±³´Â À¯ÀϽŠÁ¾±³À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Á¾±³ ¹ßÀüÀÌ ±×¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î À¯ÀϽſ¡¼­ ´Ù½Å·ÐÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã ¾Ö´Ï¹ÌÁòÀ¸·Î º¯ÃµµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¾±³ÁøÈ­·ÐÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³¸¦ Á¦´ë·Î ¼³¸íÇØ ÁÖÁö ¸ø ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾Ö´Ï¹ÌÁòÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³ÀÇ ÀûÀýÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

¼¼°è Á¾±³¸¦ ³ª´©¸é¼­ ±âµ¶±³¿Í À¯´ë±³¿Í À̽½¶÷Àº ¡®±¸¼Ó Á¾±³¡¯·Î, ½Åµµ(ÀϺ»)¿Í À¯±³´Â ¡®µµ´ö Á¾±³¡¯·Î ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³´Â ¡®¿ø½ÃÀû Á¾±³(primitive religion)¡¯·Î ±¸ºÐ Áþ´Â´Ù. Áï °¨Á¤À̳ª »ó»ó¸¶Àú ºÎÀçÇÑ ¹Ì°³ÇÏ°í ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ Á¾±³¶ó ÀÏÄ´´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¹æ½ÄÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀº ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î³ª °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø±â¿¡ ¿À·¡ °¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
1885³â¿¡ Herbert Spencer °¡ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇϸ鼭 ¡®Á¶»ó ¼þ¹è(ancestor worship)¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»À» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ¡®¹Ì°³ÇÑ¡¯ Á¾Á·µéÀÌ Á×Àº ÀÚµéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °Í¿¡ ¿¬°ü½ÃŲ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. Á¶»óµéÀÇ ¿µÀ» ´Þ·¡±â À§ÇØ Á¶»ó½Å¿¡°Ô Èñ»ýÁ¦¹°À» ¹ÙÄ£´Ù°í Çß´Ù. Á×Àº ÀÚµéÀÌ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ À§Ä¡¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª ÀüÅëÁ¾±³¸¦ ¡®Á¶»ó¼þ¹è¡¯·Î¸¸ Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù. Á×Àº Àڵ鿡°Ô ¼ú°ú À½½ÄÀ» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀº ±³Á¦¿Í ´ëÁ¢, Á¸°æÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº °¡Á·ÀÇ »ó¡ÀÌÀÚ ¸¸³²ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Á· Áß¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì Á×Àº ÀÚµéÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

ȤÀÚµéÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³¸¦ ÀÏÄÃ¾î ¡®¸¶¼ú(magic)¡¯À̶ó Çϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ¡®¸¶¼ú¡¯Àº Á¾±³Àû ¹è°æÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ µÑÀ» ºÐ¸®Çؼ­ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¾î¶² ±â¿ìÁ¦ÀÇ Çà»ç¶óµçÁö Àü¿°º´À» ¿¹¹æÇÏ´Â Çà»ç´Â Á¾±³¿Í ¸¶¼úÀÌ »óÈ£ °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶¼úÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû »ç°í¹æ½Ä ¾È¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¾±³°¡ °ð ¸¶¼úÀº ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¸¶¼úÀº Á¾±³¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

ÀÌó·³ ´ëü·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³¿Í öÇÐÀº ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÌ°í ¹ß´ÞµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î Ãë±ÞµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ¼±±³»çµéÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³¿Í öÇÐÀÌ ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÌ°í »çźÀûÀÌ¸ç ¾Ç¸¶ °°Àº °ÍÀ¸·Î ´ÜÁ¤ Áö¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº À̷еéÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³¸¦ ¿ÜºÎÀÎÀÇ ½Ã°¢À¸·Î º¸°í ¿ÀÇØÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ Mbiti°¡ ¹Ù¶óº» ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Á¾±³´Â Á¸Àç·ÐÀû Çö»óÀ» ½Ã°£ÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ ±Û¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ÁÖ¿ä °³³äÀ» »ìÆ캸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.



It is just recent that Korea is starting looking for Africa and its richness in terms of natural resources. How about the study of African religions and philosophy? It was around the middle of the 20thcentury that the Western world had begun to study them as an academic discipline in their own right. In this article I want to share what kinds of attitudes those who began to study them had and we may examine ourselves whether we look down African religions and philosophy as primitive and under developed.
Early studies of African religions gave us some terms which are inadequate and prejudicial. They are animism, primitive religion, ancestor worship, and magic.

Animism is derived from the Latin anima which means breath or breath of life. So it carries the idea of soul and spirit. In 1866 E. B. Tylor used it first. He thought that the so-called ¡®primitive people¡¯ imagined the anima to be capable of leaving the body and entering other men, animals or thing, and continuing to live after death. He said that such ¡®primitive¡¯ men considered every object to have its own soul, thus giving rise to countless spirits in the universe. This idea led on to the theory that single spirits existed over each major department of nature. For example, all the spirits of the rivers would have one major spirit in charge of them, and the same for trees, rocks, and so on. This gives us the idea of many gods (polytheism) and in turn there will be the stage of one supreme God over all other gods. This term has become the most popular designation for African religions and is found in many writings even still today.
This kind of interpretation places African religions at the bottom line of religious evolution. It tells us that Judaism, Christianity and Islam are at the top, because they are monotheistic. But there would be an argument that the development of religions could begin with monotheism and moved towards polytheism and animism. The theory of religious evolution does not explain African religions. Animism is not an adequate description of African religions.

In classifying the religions of the world, Christianity, Judaism and Islam are categorized in ¡®redemptive religions¡¯ and Shintoism and Confucianism as ¡®morality religions¡¯. But African religions are classified as ¡®primitive religions¡¯. They are described as ¡®savage¡¯, ¡®primitive¡¯, and lacking in either imagination or emotion. This approach will not go very far, because it is not qualified scientifically and theologically.
In 1885 Herbert Spencer used the phrase ¡®ancestor worship¡¯ to describe African religions. He said that ¡®savage¡¯ peoples associated the spirits of the dead with certain objects. And in order to keep on good terms with the spirits of their ancestors, people made sacrifices to them. It cannot be denied that the departed occupy an important place in African religions, but it is wrong to interpret traditional religions as ¡®worshipping the ancestors¡¯. Libation and giving food to the departed are tokens of fellowship, hospitality and respect. They are symbols of family continuity and contact. Africans are not worshipping the departed members of family.

Other writers refer to African religions in terms of ¡®magic¡¯. The magic is a part of the religious background, and it is not easy to separate the two. For example, some of the ceremonies in rainmaking and preventing of epidemics incorporate both religion and magic. Magic belongs to the religious mentality of African peoples. But religion is not magic and magic cannot explain religion.

African religions and philosophy have been despised as primitive and underdeveloped. Missionaries have condemned them as superstition, satanic, and devilish. But all these theories are misunderstanding of outsiders¡¯ views about African religions. As an insider, Mbiti treats African religions as an ontological phenomenon with the concept of time. Let us look at this key concept in the coming week.
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